[ { "id": "atomwaffenverbotsvertrag-2021", "title": "Der Atomwaffenverbotsvertrag tritt in Kraft", "sources": [ { "url": "https://disarmament.unoda.org/wmd/nuclear/tpnw/", "title": "Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons", "publisher": "Vereinte Nationen (UNODA)" }, { "url": "https://www.icrc.org/en/document/tpnw-entry-force-marks-beginning-end-nuclear-weapons", "title": "TPNW entry into force marks the beginning of the end of nuclear weapons", "publisher": "Internationales Komitee vom Roten Kreuz" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons", "title": "Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons", "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ] }, { "id": "augsburger-religionsfriede-1555", "title": "Augsburger Religionsfriede: Landesherr bestimmt das Bekenntnis", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg", "title": "Peace of Augsburg", "publisher": "Encyclopaedia Britannica" }, { "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburger_Reichs-_und_Religionsfrieden", "title": "Augsburger Reichs- und Religionsfrieden", "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "url": "https://www.bpb.de/themen/zeit-kulturgeschichte/reformation/235579/schlaglicht-1555-der-erste-religionsfrieden/", "title": "Schlaglicht 1555: der Erste Religionsfrieden", "publisher": "Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung" } ] }, { "id": "briand-kellogg-pakt-1928", "title": "Briand-Kellogg-Pakt: 15 Staaten verzichten 1928 auf den Krieg", "sources": [ { "url": "https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/kellogg", "title": "The Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 (Office of the Historian, Milestones 1921–1936)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State" }, { "url": "https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp", "title": "Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 (Vertragstext)", "publisher": "The Avalon Project, Yale Law School" }, { "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1929/kellogg/facts/", "title": "Frank B. Kellogg – Facts (Nobel Peace Prize 1929)", "publisher": "NobelPrize.org" }, { "url": "https://diplomacy.state.gov/the-kellogg-briand-pact/", "title": "The Kellogg-Briand Pact: The Aspiration for Global Peace and Security (National Museum of American Diplomacy)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State" }, { "url": "https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judlawch.asp", "title": "Judgment of the International Military Tribunal: The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity", "publisher": "The Avalon Project, Yale Law School" }, { "url": "https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/aussenpolitik/briand-kellogg-pakt.html", "title": "Briand-Kellogg-Pakt", "publisher": "Deutsches Historisches Museum (LeMO)" }, { "url": "https://www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/hintergrund-aktuell/274823/briand-kellogg-pakt-ein-vertrag-gegen-den-krieg/", "title": "Briand-Kellogg-Pakt: Ein Vertrag gegen den Krieg", "publisher": "Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung" } ] }, { "id": "cain-adomnain-birr-697", "title": "Cáin Adomnáin schützt Frauen, Kinder und Geistliche vor Gewalt", "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1in_Adomn%C3%A1in", "title": "Cáin Adomnáin", "publisher": "Wikipedia (englisch)" }, { "url": "https://historyireland.com/cain-adomnain-697-irish-geneva-convention/", "title": "Cáin Adomnáin, 697: the Irish ‘Geneva Convention’", "publisher": "History Ireland (Máire O’Dwyer)" }, { "url": "https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/253896/1/253896.pdf", "title": "Adomnán's 'Law of the Innocents' – Cáin Adomnáin. A seventh century law for the protection of non-combatants (Übersetzung und Einleitung)", "publisher": "Gilbert Márkus, Kilmartin House Trust 2008 (University of Glasgow Enlighten)" } ] }, { "id": "egerer-landfriede-1389", "title": "Egerer Landfriede verbietet 1389 alle Städtebünde", "sources": [ { "url": "https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/017155/2013-01-17/", "title": "Schwäbischer Städtebund (Karl Heinz Burmeister)", "publisher": "Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS)" }, { "url": "https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/026420/2012-02-16/", "title": "Städtebünde (Karl Heinz Burmeister)", "publisher": "Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS)" }, { "url": "https://urkunden.codex.isgv.de/cds1b1/pdf/b0229.pdf", "title": "Codex diplomaticus Saxoniae I B 1, Nr. 292: Eger, 1389 Mai 5", "publisher": "Institut für Sächsische Geschichte und Volkskunde (ISGV)" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Cities_(1387%E2%80%931389)", "title": "War of the Cities (1387–1389)", "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "url": "https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/St%C3%A4dtekrieg,_1387/1389", "title": "Städtekrieg, 1387/1389 (Alexander Schubert)", "publisher": "Historisches Lexikon Bayerns" } ] }, { "id": "einstein-szilard-brief-1939", "title": "Einstein-Szilárd-Brief warnt Roosevelt vor Bomben neuen Typs", "sources": [ { "url": "https://thebulletin.org/virtual-tour/albert-einstein-leo-szilard-and-the-letter-that-led-to-the-manhattan-project/", "title": "Albert Einstein, Leo Szilárd and the letter that led to the Manhattan Project", "publisher": "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" }, { "url": "https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/history/einstein-szilard-letter-1939/", "title": "The Einstein-Szilard Letter – 1939", "publisher": "Atomic Heritage Foundation / National Museum of Nuclear Science & History" }, { "url": "https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/People/CivilianOrgs/s1-committee.html", "title": "Committee on Uranium (Manhattan Project: People)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Energy, OSTI" }, { "url": "https://docsteach.org/document/letter-from-albert-einstein-to-president-franklin-d-roosevelt/", "title": "Letter from Albert Einstein to President Franklin D. Roosevelt", "publisher": "DocsTeach (U.S. National Archives)" } ] }, { "id": "ewiger-landfriede-1495", "title": "Ewiger Landfriede: Das Reich verbietet die Fehde ohne Frist", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Wormser_Reichstag,_1495", "title": "Wormser Reichstag, 1495", "publisher": "Historisches Lexikon Bayerns" }, { "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_zu_Worms_(1495)", "title": "Reichstag zu Worms (1495)", "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "url": "https://germanhistorydocs.org/de/von-den-reformationen-bis-zum-dreissigjaehrigen-krieg-1500-1648/die-reichsreform-von-1495", "title": "Die Reichsreform von 1495", "publisher": "German History in Documents and Images (DHI Washington)" } ] }, { "id": "frieden-von-utrecht-1713", "title": "Der Frieden von Utrecht schreibt das Gleichgewicht der Mächte in einen Vertrag", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/treaties-and-alliances/peace-utrecht", "title": "Utrecht, Peace of (1713)", "publisher": "Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World (Elizabeth Mancke), über Encyclopedia.com" }, { "url": "https://blog.oup.com/2014/11/utrecht-peace-treaty-balance-power-europe/", "title": "The peace of Utrecht and the balance of power (Randall Lesaffer, Tilburg University)", "publisher": "OUPblog" }, { "url": "https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/religion-and-philosophy/treaty-utrecht", "title": "Treaty of Utrecht", "publisher": "EBSCO Research Starters (Edward P. Keleher, Mark C. Herman)" }, { "url": "https://blog.oup.com/2017/04/23-treaties-utrecht-european-history/", "title": "The treaties of Utrecht that changed European history forever (Linda Frey, Marsha Frey)", "publisher": "OUPblog" } ] }, { "id": "gasangriff-ypern-1915", "title": "Gasangriff bei Ypern: Deutsche Armee setzt 1915 Chlorgas ein", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battles-and-fighting/weapons-on-land/poison-gas/", "title": "Poison Gas", "publisher": "Canadian War Museum" }, { "url": "https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/event/100-years-chemical-warfare", "title": "100 Years of Chemical Warfare (Symposium, 21.–22. April 2015)", "publisher": "Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte" }, { "url": "https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/a-brief-history-of-chemical-war/", "title": "A Brief History of Chemical War", "publisher": "Science History Institute" }, { "url": "https://historynet.com/kaisers-grim-reaper/", "title": "The Kaiser's Grim Reaper (William Walker)", "publisher": "HistoryNet" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres", "title": "Second Battle of Ypres", "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ] }, { "id": "genfer-konvention-1864", "title": "Zwölf Staaten unterzeichnen die erste Genfer Konvention", "sources": [ { "url": "https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/geneva04.asp", "title": "Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, 22 August 1864", "publisher": "Avalon Project, Yale Law School" }, { "url": "https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/august-22/international-red-cross-founded", "title": "First Geneva Convention establishes Red Cross aid for war wounded", "publisher": "HISTORY" }, { "url": "https://www.bar.admin.ch/bar/en/home/research/searching/search-engines-portals/wikimedia/geneva-conventions.html", "title": "Geneva Conventions", "publisher": "Schweizerisches Bundesarchiv" } ] }, { "id": "genfer-konventionen-1949", "title": "Genfer Konventionen 1949: Vier Abkommen schützen auch Zivilisten", "sources": [ { "url": "https://blogs.icrc.org/cross-files/the-1949-geneva-conventions-a-primer/", "title": "The 1949 Geneva Conventions: a primer", "publisher": "Internationales Komitee vom Roten Kreuz (IKRK), Cross-Files" }, { "url": "https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/geneva-conventions", "title": "Geneva Conventions", "publisher": "Eidgenössisches Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten (EDA)" }, { "url": "https://www.drk.de/fileadmin/user_upload/PDFs/Das_DRK/Materialien/Allgemein/DRK_Genfer_Abkommen_01_Schutz_der_Opfer.pdf", "title": "Genfer Abkommen über den Schutz der Opfer bewaffneter Konflikte (1949), zweisprachiger Vertragstext", "publisher": "Deutsches Rotes Kreuz" }, { "url": "https://www.redcross.ie/international-humanitarian-law/geneva-conventions/", "title": "Geneva Conventions", "publisher": "Irish Red Cross" } ] }, { "id": "genfer-protokoll-1925", "title": "Genfer Protokoll verbietet 1925 Giftgas, nicht aber dessen Besitz", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.unoda.org/en/our-work/weapons-mass-destruction/secretary-generals-mechanism-investigation-alleged-use-chemical-and-biological-weapons-unsgm/1925-geneva-protocol", "title": "1925 Geneva Protocol", "publisher": "United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA)" }, { "url": "https://nuke.fas.org/control/geneva/text/geneva1.htm", "title": "Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Vertragstext)", "publisher": "Federation of American Scientists" }, { "url": "https://www.the-trench.org/1925-geneva-protocol-negotiation", "title": "The 1925 Geneva Protocol (Historical Notes #6, Jean Pascal Zanders)", "publisher": "The Trench" }, { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12755154/", "title": "Legacy and impact of the 1925 Geneva Protocol: one hundred years of treaties and debates on chemical and biological weapons (Grunden, Tuovinen)", "publisher": "Frontiers in Microbiology (via PubMed Central)" } ] }, { "id": "haager-landkriegsordnung-1907", "title": "Die Haager Landkriegsordnung begrenzt die Mittel des Krieges", "sources": [ { "url": "https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague04.asp", "title": "Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV), 18 October 1907", "publisher": "Avalon Project, Yale Law School" }, { "url": "https://www.1000dokumente.de/Dokumente/Volltext:Haager_Landkriegsordnung", "title": "Volltext: Haager Landkriegsordnung", "publisher": "1000 Schlüsseldokumente zur deutschen Geschichte" }, { "url": "https://www.drk.de/das-drk/geschichte/das-drk-von-den-anfaengen-bis-heute/1882/1907/", "title": "Das DRK von den Anfängen bis heute: 1907", "publisher": "Deutsches Rotes Kreuz" }, { "url": "https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/law/second-hague-peace-conference", "title": "Second Hague Peace Conference", "publisher": "EBSCO Research Starters" } ] }, { "id": "hiroshima-1945", "title": "Eine Atombombe zerstört Hiroshima", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/atomic-bomb-hiroshima", "title": "The Most Fearsome Sight: The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima", "publisher": "The National WWII Museum" }, { "url": "https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/history/bombings-hiroshima-and-nagasaki-1945/", "title": "Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki — 1945", "publisher": "National Museum of Nuclear Science & History" }, { "url": "https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki.htm", "title": "The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "publisher": "National Park Service" }, { "url": "https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2020/08/06/little-boy-the-first-atomic-bomb/", "title": "Little Boy: The First Atomic Bomb", "publisher": "U.S. National Archives (Pieces of History)" }, { "url": "https://www.armscontrol.org/pressroom/2020-07/reality-check-atomic-bombings-hiroshima-nagasaki", "title": "Reality Check: The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki", "publisher": "Arms Control Association" } ] }, { "id": "irak-invasion-ohne-mandat-2003", "title": "Die Invasion des Irak beginnt ohne Mandat des Sicherheitsrats", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/documents/1441.pdf", "title": "Resolution 1441 (2002), angenommen in der 4644. Sitzung am 8. November 2002", "publisher": "Vereinte Nationen" }, { "url": "https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20171123124621mp_/http:/www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/247921/the-report-of-the-iraq-inquiry_executive-summary.pdf", "title": "The Report of the Iraq Inquiry — Executive Summary (HC 264)", "publisher": "The Iraq Inquiry" }, { "url": "https://news.un.org/en/story/2004/09/115352", "title": "UN News: Lessons of Iraq war underscore importance of UN Charter — Annan", "publisher": "Vereinte Nationen" }, { "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/1/12/dutch-inquiry-iraq-war-was-illegal", "title": "Dutch inquiry: Iraq war was illegal", "publisher": "Al Jazeera" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg23081/html/CHRG-108shrg23081.htm", "title": "The Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI Regarding Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs — Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, 6 October 2004", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office" }, { "url": "https://www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/hintergrund-aktuell/165263/zehn-jahre-irak-konflikt-kein-ende-der-gewalt-in-sicht/", "title": "Zehn Jahre Irak-Konflikt: Kein Ende der Gewalt in Sicht", "publisher": "Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung" } ] }, { "id": "istgh-haftbefehl-2023", "title": "Ein Haftbefehl gegen ein amtierendes Staatsoberhaupt", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-icc-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-putin-and-maria-lvova-belova-an-outline-of-issues/", "title": "The ICC Arrest Warrants against Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova – An Outline of Issues", "publisher": "EJIL: Talk! (European Journal of International Law)" }, { "url": "https://www.fedbar.org/blog/breaking-legal-barriers-the-icc-arrest-warrant-for-vladimir-putin/", "title": "Breaking Legal Barriers: The ICC Arrest Warrant for Vladimir Putin", "publisher": "Federal Bar Association" }, { "url": "https://media.un.org/unifeed/en/asset/d302/d3021548", "title": "ICC / Putin Arrest Warrants (UNifeed, 17 March 2023)", "publisher": "Vereinte Nationen" }, { "url": "https://www.asil.org/ILIB/icc-finds-mongolia-violated-rome-statute-failing-arrest-putin", "title": "ICC Finds Mongolia Violated Rome Statute by Failing to Arrest Putin", "publisher": "American Society of International Law" }, { "url": "https://www.ibanet.org/putin-visit-to-mongolia-defies-icc-arrest-warrant-as-world-looks-on", "title": "Putin's visit to Mongolia defies ICC arrest warrant as world looks on", "publisher": "International Bar Association" } ] }, { "id": "istgh-urteil-said-2026", "title": "Den Haag verurteilt einen Kommandeur der Séléka wegen Folter in Bangui", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/mahamat-said-abdel-kani-found-guilty-crimes-against-humanity-committed-central-african", "title": "Mahamat Said Abdel Kani found guilty of crimes against humanity committed in Central African Republic", "publisher": "Internationaler Strafgerichtshof" }, { "url": "https://www.cp24.com/news/world/2026/09/23/icc-convicts-former-central-african-republic-militia-commander-of-torture/", "title": "ICC convicts former Central African Republic militia commander of torture", "publisher": "Associated Press (Molly Quell), bei CP24" }, { "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/9/23/icc-convicts-central-african-militia-leader-of-crimes-against-humanity", "title": "ICC convicts ex-CAR militia leader of crimes against humanity", "publisher": "Al Jazeera" }, { "url": "https://www.jurist.org/news/2026/09/icc-convicts-mahamat-said-abdel-kani-of-crimes-against-humanity-in-landmark-verdict-for-central-african-republic-case/", "title": "ICC convicts Mahamat Said Abdel Kani of crimes against humanity in landmark verdict for Central African Republic case", "publisher": "JURIST" } ] }, { "id": "konzil-von-charroux-989", "title": "Konzil von Charroux belegt Gewalt gegen Wehrlose mit dem Bann", "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Charroux", "title": "Council of Charroux", "publisher": "Wikipedia (englisch)" }, { "url": "https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-God", "title": "Peace of God", "publisher": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (Daniel Francis Callahan)" }, { "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CUHD/article/download/CUHD0202110011A/19999", "title": "The Peace of God and its legal practice in the Eleventh Century", "publisher": "Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho 9 (2002), Universidad Complutense Madrid (Thomas Gergen)" }, { "url": "http://www.ldysinger.com/CH_586_Medieval/14_chivalry/02_truce_peace.htm", "title": "Truce and Peace of God (Auszug aus Friedrich Kempf u. a., The Church in the Age of Feudalism, Handbook of Church History, Bd. III, hg. von Hubert Jedin)", "publisher": "ldysinger.com (Luke Dysinger, Kursmaterial)" } ] }, { "id": "kubakrise-1962", "title": "Chruschtschow lenkt in der Kubakrise ein", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.hdg.de/lemo/kapitel/geteiltes-deutschland-gruenderjahre/kalter-krieg/kuba-krise.html", "title": "LeMO: Kuba-Krise", "publisher": "Stiftung Haus der Geschichte" }, { "url": "https://www.big.admin.ch/de/die-kubakrise-1962", "title": "Die Kubakrise 1962", "publisher": "Bibliothek am Guisanplatz" }, { "url": "https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/zentrum-innere-fuehrung/vor-dem-weltenbrand-5493292", "title": "Vor dem Weltenbrand. Kuba-Krise 1962 und die Seeblockade Kennedys", "publisher": "Bundeswehr, Zentrum Innere Führung" }, { "url": "https://thebulletin.org/2012/10/50-years-ago-the-cuban-missile-crisis-and-its-underappreciated-hero/", "title": "A. Walter Dorn, Robert Pauk: 50 years ago: The Cuban Missile Crisis and its underappreciated hero", "publisher": "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" }, { "url": "https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis", "title": "The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian" }, { "url": "https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-3504-interdiction-the-delivery-offensive-weapons-cuba", "title": "Proclamation 3504—Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba", "publisher": "The American Presidency Project (UC Santa Barbara)" }, { "url": "https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/cuban-missile-crisis-photo-collection", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis Photo Collection", "publisher": "National Security Archive, George Washington University" }, { "url": "https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuban-missile-crisis-nuclear-vault/2023-04-20/jupiter-missiles-and-cuban-missile", "title": "The Jupiter Missiles and the Cuban Missile Crisis Endgame", "publisher": "National Security Archive, George Washington University" } ] }, { "id": "mainzer-reichslandfriede-1235", "title": "Der Mainzer Landfriede stellt vor die Fehde das Gericht", "sources": [ { "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainzer_Landfriede", "title": "Mainzer Landfriede", "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "url": "https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Landfriede_(Sp%C3%A4tmittelalter)", "title": "Landfriede (Spätmittelalter)", "publisher": "Historisches Lexikon Bayerns (Hendrik Baumbach)" }, { "url": "https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/LandfriedeFriedrichsII(MainzerReichslandfriede)1235.htm", "title": "Landfriede Friedrichs II. (Mainzer Reichslandfriede) 1235 — deutscher und lateinischer Text nach Zeumer, Quellensammlung zur Geschichte der deutschen Reichsverfassung, Nr. 58", "publisher": "Gerhard Köbler, Fontes (koeblergerhard.de)" }, { "url": "https://damals.de/artikel/15-august-mainzer-reichslandfrieden", "title": "15. August: Mainzer Reichslandfrieden", "publisher": "DAMALS – Das Magazin für Geschichte" } ] }, { "id": "nationale-sicherheitsstrategie-usa-2002", "title": "Die Nationale Sicherheitsstrategie der USA erklärt den vorbeugenden Angriff zur Option", "sources": [ { "url": "https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/text/nssall.html", "title": "The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Text Only)", "publisher": "The White House (Archiv der Regierung George W. Bush)" }, { "url": "https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-new-national-security-strategy-and-preemption/", "title": "The New National Security Strategy and Preemption (Policy Brief, 21. Dezember 2002)", "publisher": "Brookings Institution (Steinberg, O'Hanlon, Rice)" }, { "url": "https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/58/statements/sg2eng030923.htm", "title": "The Secretary-General: Address to the General Assembly, New York, 23 September 2003", "publisher": "Vereinte Nationen" }, { "url": "https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history/2025/august/law-born-fire-caroline-affair-and-anticipatory-self-defense", "title": "Law Born of Fire: the Caroline Affair and Anticipatory Self-Defense", "publisher": "U.S. Naval Institute, Naval History (Brennan J. Suffern)" } ] }, { "id": "new-start-ende-2026", "title": "Mit New START endet die vertragliche Obergrenze für die größten Atomarsenale", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/new-start-glance", "title": "New START at a Glance", "publisher": "Arms Control Association" }, { "url": "https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/02/1166892", "title": "UN chief warns of ‘grave moment’ as final US-Russia nuclear arms treaty expires", "publisher": "UN News" }, { "url": "https://www.cfr.org/articles/nukes-without-limits-a-new-era-after-the-end-of-new-start", "title": "Nukes Without Limits? A New Era After the End of New START", "publisher": "Council on Foreign Relations" }, { "url": "https://www.icanw.org/new_start_expiration", "title": "The expiration of New START: what it means and what’s next", "publisher": "ICAN" }, { "url": "https://www.axios.com/2026/02/05/new-start-arms-control-us-russia-extend", "title": "Scoop: U.S. and Russia agree to observe New START nuclear pact after expiration", "publisher": "Axios" } ] }, { "id": "nuernberger-urteil-1946", "title": "Der Internationale Militärgerichtshof verkündet die Nürnberger Urteile", "sources": [ { "url": "https://museen.nuernberg.de/memorium-nuernberger-prozesse/themen/die-nuernberger-prozesse/der-internationale-militaergerichtshof-1945-1946/die-urteile", "title": "Der internationale Militärgerichtshof: Die Urteile", "publisher": "Memorium Nürnberger Prozesse" }, { "url": "https://www.hdg.de/lemo/kapitel/nachkriegsjahre/entnazifizierung-und-antifaschismus/nuernberger-prozesse.html", "title": "LeMO: Nürnberger Prozesse", "publisher": "Stiftung Haus der Geschichte" }, { "url": "https://www.lpb-bw.de/nuernberger-prozesse", "title": "Die Nürnberger Prozesse im Überblick", "publisher": "Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg" }, { "url": "https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/chap_04.asp", "title": "Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Chapter IV: The International Military Tribunal", "publisher": "The Avalon Project, Yale Law School" }, { "url": "https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/robert-ley", "title": "Robert Ley", "publisher": "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia" } ] }, { "id": "pariser-seerechtsdeklaration-1856", "title": "Die Pariser Seerechtsdeklaration schafft die Kaperei ab", "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law", "title": "Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law", "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "url": "https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1856/may/22/international-maritime-law-the-treaty-of", "title": "International Maritime Law — The Treaty of Paris (House of Lords, 22 May 1856)", "publisher": "Hansard, UK Parliament" }, { "url": "https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/decparis.asp", "title": "Laws of War: Declaration of Paris; April 16, 1856", "publisher": "The Avalon Project, Yale Law School" } ] }, { "id": "powell-rede-sicherheitsrat-2003", "title": "Colin Powell legt dem Sicherheitsrat Belege für irakische Massenvernichtungswaffen vor", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/international-jan-june03-powell_02-05", "title": "Powell Presents Evidence to U.N. in the Case Against Iraq (5. Februar 2003)", "publisher": "PBS NewsHour" }, { "url": "https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146332", "title": "UN News — Stories from the UN Archive: The presentation that launched a war", "publisher": "Vereinte Nationen" }, { "url": "https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/reports/2005/wmd_report_25mar2005_chap01.htm", "title": "Report of the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, Overview and Chapter 1: Iraq (2005)", "publisher": "Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities … (Robb-Silberman), Abschrift bei GlobalSecurity.org" }, { "url": "https://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-09-09/powell-regrets-un-speech-on-iraq-wmds/2099674", "title": "Powell regrets UN speech on Iraq WMDs (9. September 2005)", "publisher": "ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)" }, { "url": "https://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/blix14Febasdel.htm", "title": "UNMOVIC — Briefing of the Security Council by Hans Blix, 14 February 2003 (as delivered)", "publisher": "Vereinte Nationen" } ] }, { "id": "rds-1-sowjetischer-atomtest-1949", "title": "RDS-1: Sowjetunion zündet 1949 ihre erste Atombombe", "sources": [ { "url": "https://atomicarchive.com/media/photographs/testing/soviet/joe-1-1.html", "title": "Joe 1 (Soviet Union Nuclear Tests)", "publisher": "AtomicArchive" }, { "url": "https://russianforces.org/blog/2013/05/detailed_description_of_the_rd.shtml", "title": "Detailed description of the RDS-1", "publisher": "russianforces.org (Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces)" }, { "url": "https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/first-soviet-nuclear-weapon-test", "title": "First Soviet Nuclear Weapon Test (Research Starters)", "publisher": "EBSCO" }, { "url": "https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/bomb-timeline/", "title": "The Bomb: A Timeline", "publisher": "PBS American Experience" }, { "url": "https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/history/soviet-atomic-program-1946/", "title": "Soviet Atomic Program – 1946", "publisher": "Atomic Heritage Foundation / National Museum of Nuclear Science & History" }, { "url": "https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/history/hydrogen-bomb-1950/", "title": "Hydrogen Bomb – 1950", "publisher": "Atomic Heritage Foundation / National Museum of Nuclear Science & History" } ] }, { "id": "rom-statut-1998", "title": "Das Rom-Statut schafft einen ständigen Strafgerichtshof", "sources": [ { "url": "https://dgvn.de/meldung/20-jahre-internationaler-strafgerichtshof", "title": "20 Jahre Internationaler Strafgerichtshof", "publisher": "Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen" }, { "url": "https://www.bj.admin.ch/de/internationaler-strafgerichtshof-roemer-statut", "title": "Internationaler Strafgerichtshof — Römer Statut", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Justiz (Schweiz)" }, { "url": "https://www.lto.de/recht/nachrichten/n/25-jahre-rom-statut-internationaler-strafgerichtshof-istgh-icc-voelkermord-kriegsverbrechen", "title": "Internationales Strafrecht: 25 Jahre Rom-Statut", "publisher": "Legal Tribune Online" } ] }, { "id": "trinity-test-1945", "title": "Trinity-Test: In New Mexico explodiert 1945 die erste Atombombe", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/historyculture/trinity-site.htm", "title": "Trinity Site - White Sands National Park", "publisher": "U.S. National Park Service" }, { "url": "https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1945/trinity.htm", "title": "The Trinity Test, July 16, 1945 (Manhattan Project: Events)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Energy, OSTI" }, { "url": "https://www.lanl.gov/media/publications/national-security-science/0720-the-trinity-test", "title": "The Trinity test", "publisher": "Los Alamos National Laboratory (National Security Science)" } ] }, { "id": "ueberfall-auf-polen-1939", "title": "Der Überfall auf Polen beginnt den Zweiten Weltkrieg", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/der-zweite-weltkrieg/kriegsverlauf/ueberfall-auf-polen-1939", "title": "LeMO Kapitel: Überfall auf Polen 1939", "publisher": "Deutsches Historisches Museum" }, { "url": "https://www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/hintergrund-aktuell/190501/1939-ueberfall-auf-polen/", "title": "1939: Überfall auf Polen", "publisher": "Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung" }, { "url": "https://www.bundesarchiv.de/im-archiv-recherchieren/archivgut-recherchieren/nach-themen/der-deutsche-ueberfall-auf-polen-1939/", "title": "Der deutsche Überfall auf Polen 1939", "publisher": "Bundesarchiv" }, { "url": "https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judpolan.asp", "title": "Judgement: The Aggression Against Poland (International Military Tribunal, Nürnberg)", "publisher": "Avalon Project, Yale Law School" }, { "url": "https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/invasion-of-poland-fall-1939", "title": "Invasion of Poland, Fall 1939", "publisher": "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" }, { "url": "https://muzeumgdansk.pl/en/oddzialy-muzeum/guardhouse-no-1-at-westerplatte/", "title": "Guardhouse no. 1 at Westerplatte", "publisher": "Museum Gdańsk" } ] }, { "id": "versailler-vertrag-1919", "title": "Versailler Vertrag 1919 stellt Kaiser Wilhelm II. unter Anklage", "sources": [ { "url": "https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/partvii.asp", "title": "The Versailles Treaty June 28, 1919: Part VII (Penalties)", "publisher": "The Avalon Project, Yale Law School" }, { "url": "https://www.kas.de/de/web/geschichte-der-cdu/kalender/kalender-detail/-/content/unterzeichnung-des-versailler-friedensvertrages-10.01.1920-in-kraft-", "title": "Unterzeichnung des Versailler Friedensvertrages (Markus Lingen)", "publisher": "Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Geschichte der CDU" }, { "url": "https://www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/lexika/politiklexikon/18413/versailler-vertrag/", "title": "Versailler Vertrag (Politiklexikon)", "publisher": "Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung" }, { "url": "https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/leipzig-war-crimes-trials/", "title": "Leipzig War Crimes Trials (Gerd Hankel)", "publisher": "1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War" }, { "url": "https://peacepalacelibrary.nl/blog/2014/supreme-offence-against-international-morality-and-sanctity-treaties-william-ii", "title": "Supreme offence against international morality and sanctity of treaties: William II", "publisher": "Peace Palace Library" }, { "url": "https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/partviii.asp", "title": "The Versailles Treaty June 28, 1919: Part VIII (Reparation)", "publisher": "The Avalon Project, Yale Law School" } ] }, { "id": "waffenstillstand-1918", "title": "Der Waffenstillstand von Compiègne beendet den Ersten Weltkrieg", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.bundesarchiv.de/themen-entdecken/online-entdecken/dokumente-zur-zeitgeschichte/waffenstillstand-von-compiegne/", "title": "Waffenstillstand von Compiègne", "publisher": "Bundesarchiv" }, { "url": "https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/erster-weltkrieg/kriegsverlauf/waffenstillstand-1918", "title": "LeMO: Waffenstillstand 1918", "publisher": "Deutsches Historisches Museum" }, { "url": "https://archiv.diplo.de/arc-de/das-politische-archiv/das-besondere-dokument/2148332-2148332", "title": "Der Waffenstillstand von Compiègne", "publisher": "Auswärtiges Amt, Politisches Archiv" } ] }, { "id": "westfaelischer-friede-1648", "title": "Der Westfälische Friede beendet den Dreißigjährigen Krieg", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.stadt-muenster.de/frieden/der-westfaelische-friede", "title": "Der Westfälische Friede", "publisher": "Stadt Münster" }, { "url": "https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=459&url_tabelle=tab_websegmente", "title": "1648 — Westfälischer Friede", "publisher": "Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe" }, { "url": "https://www.historischer-verein-osnabrueck.de/de/historische-schlaglichter/westfaelischer-friede-1648/32/westfaelischer-friede-1648.html", "title": "Westfälischer Friede 1648", "publisher": "Historischer Verein Osnabrück" } ] }, { "id": "wiener-kongress-1815", "title": "Wiener Kongress: Acht Mächte ordnen Europa neu", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.unesco.at/en/communication/documentary-heritage/memory-of-the-world-in-austria/final-document-of-the-congress-of-vienna-1815", "title": "Final Document of the Congress of Vienna 1815", "publisher": "Österreichische UNESCO-Kommission" }, { "url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Final_Act_of_the_Congress_of_Vienna", "title": "Final Act of the Congress of Vienna (englische Übersetzung des Vertragstextes)", "publisher": "Wikisource" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna", "title": "Congress of Vienna", "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "url": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/congress-vienna", "title": "Congress of Vienna (aus: Encyclopedia of Modern Europe — Europe 1789-1914)", "publisher": "Encyclopedia.com" } ] } ]