[ { "id": "artlenburger-privileg-1161", "title": "Heinrich der Löwe stellt Lübecker und gotländische Kaufleute rechtlich gleich", "sources": [ { "url": "https://journals.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/hgbll/index.php/hgbll/article/view/105", "title": "Wie verlässlich ist das Artlenburg-Privileg überliefert?", "publisher": "Hansische Geschichtsblätter" }, { "url": "https://www.hanse.org/en/the-medieval-hanseatic-league/the-origins", "title": "Die Anfänge", "publisher": "Städtebund DIE HANSE" }, { "url": "http://www.epochentaucher.de/deutschland/ein-frieden-fuer-den-ostseehandel-ertheneburg-1161/", "title": "Ein Frieden für den Ostseehandel – Ertheneburg 1161", "publisher": "EpochenTaucher" }, { "url": "https://artlenburg.de/gemeinde/", "title": "Gemeinde", "publisher": "Flecken Artlenburg" } ] }, { "id": "barcode-1974", "title": "UPC-Barcode: In Ohio wird 1974 erstmals eine Ware gescannt", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/june-26/barcode-scanner-invention-first-use", "title": "Pack of chewing gum becomes first-ever item scanned with a UPC barcode", "publisher": "HISTORY" }, { "url": "https://www.ksl.com/article/news/business/50-years-later-origin-of-the-barcode-is-being-scanned/50614872", "title": "50 years later, origin of the barcode is being scanned", "publisher": "KSL" }, { "url": "https://www.homegrowngreat.com/upc-barcode-anniversary/", "title": "50th Scanniversary: A History of the First UPC Barcode Scan", "publisher": "Home Grown Great" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Product_Code", "title": "Universal Product Code", "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ] }, { "id": "china-wto-2001", "title": "China tritt der Welthandelsorganisation bei", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm", "title": "China and the WTO", "publisher": "World Trade Organization" }, { "url": "https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/izpb/china-337/275583/china-in-der-weltwirtschaft/", "title": "China in der Weltwirtschaft", "publisher": "Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung" }, { "url": "https://www.piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/china-and-world-trade-organization-economic-balance-sheet", "title": "China and the World Trade Organization: An Economic Balance Sheet", "publisher": "Peterson Institute for International Economics" }, { "url": "https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres01_e/pr252_e.htm", "title": "WTO successfully concludes negotiations on China's entry", "publisher": "World Trade Organization" }, { "url": "https://www.cfr.org/articles/chinas-confusing-trade-and-current-account-numbers", "title": "China's Confusing Trade and Current Account Numbers", "publisher": "Council on Foreign Relations" } ] }, { "id": "chrysobull-alexios-venedig-1082", "title": "Chrysobull für Venedig: Zollfreiheit in Byzanz, wohl 1082", "sources": [ { "url": "https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cf812b42-c3c7-479c-9574-3ea0e72a501f", "title": "Byzantine trade privileges to Venice in the eleventh century: the chrysobull of 1092 (Abstract)", "publisher": "Oxford University Research Archive" }, { "url": "https://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/vasilief/alexius-i-external-relations.asp?pg=3", "title": "History of the Byzantine Empire: Alexius I, external relations (A. A. Vasiliev)", "publisher": "Elpenor (ellopos.net)" }, { "url": "https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/23526/1/Tesi.pdf", "title": "Political and economic relations between Venice, Byzantium and Southern Italy (1081-1197)", "publisher": "University of Leeds (Daniele Morossi, Dissertation, 2018)" }, { "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0304-4181(01)00020-3", "title": "The chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians: the date and the debate (Thomas F. Madden, Abstract)", "publisher": "Journal of Medieval History, Taylor & Francis" } ] }, { "id": "diedenhofener-kapitular-805", "title": "Diedenhofener Kapitular lässt Händler an neun Orten prüfen", "sources": [ { "url": "https://arheo.ffzg.unizg.hr/ska/tekstovi/port_customs.pdf", "title": "Early medieval port customs, tolls and controls on foreign trade (Neil Middleton, Early Medieval Europe 13, 2005)", "publisher": "Universität Zagreb, Abteilung für Archäologie (Kopie)" }, { "url": "https://www.austriaca.at/0xc1aa5572%200x003b676f.pdf", "title": "Die Aneignung von Raum nach der Unterwerfung der Sachsen (Matthias Hardt)", "publisher": "Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (austriaca.at)" }, { "url": "https://www.lda-lsa.de/archaeologie/fund-des-monats/2020/maerz-2020", "title": "Fund des Monats März 2020", "publisher": "Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt" }, { "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diedenhofener_Kapitular", "title": "Diedenhofener Kapitular", "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ] }, { "id": "ea-nasir-beschwerdetafel-um-1750-v-chr", "title": "Tafel an Ea-nasir: Kunde rügt um 1750 v. Chr. schlechtes Kupfer", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1953-0411-71", "title": "tablet (Museum number 131236)", "publisher": "The British Museum" }, { "url": "https://www.sciencealert.com/this-bronze-age-tablet-is-the-oldest-customer-complaint-on-record", "title": "This Bronze-Age Tablet Is The Oldest Customer Complaint on Record (Jess Cockerill)", "publisher": "ScienceAlert" }, { "url": "https://www.thecollector.com/first-customer-complaint-history/", "title": "The First Customer Complaint in History: The Story of Nanni and Ea-nasir (Greg Beyer)", "publisher": "TheCollector" }, { "url": "https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/node/9184", "title": "Bad ingots.", "publisher": "Lapham's Quarterly" }, { "url": "https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/archaeology-classics-and-egyptology/blog/2025/oldest-complaint-in-the-world-british-museum/", "title": "The oldest complaint in the world: a trip to the British Museum (Ryan Nicholls, Studierendenblog)", "publisher": "University of Liverpool, Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology" }, { "url": "https://en.annahar.com/en/region/gcc/288613/discover-the-zayed-national-museum-abu-dhabis-cultural-marvel-of-2026", "title": "Discover the Zayed National Museum: Abu Dhabi’s cultural marvel of 2026", "publisher": "Annahar" } ] }, { "id": "erster-hansetag-1356", "title": "Erster allgemeiner Hansetag macht aus Kaufleuten einen Städtebund", "sources": [ { "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansetag", "title": "Hansetag", "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "url": "https://www.planet-wissen.de/geschichte/mittelalter/hanse/index.html", "title": "Mittelalter: Hanse", "publisher": "Planet Wissen (WDR)" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League", "title": "Hanseatic League (englischsprachige Ausgabe)", "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "url": "https://www.hanse.org/en/the-medieval-hanseatic-league/the-hanseatic-day", "title": "Der Hansetag", "publisher": "Städtebund DIE HANSE" }, { "url": "https://www.hansemuseum.eu/records/wie-die-deutsche-hanse-als-zusammenschluss-von-staedten-entstand/", "title": "Von Tagen und Städten: Wie die Deutsche Hanse als Zusammenschluss von Städten entstand", "publisher": "Europäisches Hansemuseum" } ] }, { "id": "eu-mercosur-abkommen-2026", "title": "EU und Mercosur unterzeichnen Handelsabkommen nach rund 25 Jahren", "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.mercopress.com/2026/01/17/mercosur-and-eu-sign-historic-trade-agreement-in-asuncion-after-26-years-of-negotiations", "title": "Mercosur and EU sign historic trade agreement in Asunción after 26 years of negotiations", "publisher": "MercoPress" }, { "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/17/eu-mercosur-bloc-sign-free-trade-deal-after-25-years-of-negotiations", "title": "EU, Mercosur bloc sign free trade deal after 25 years of negotiations", "publisher": "Al Jazeera" }, { "url": "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20260116IPR32450/eu-mercosur-meps-demand-a-legal-opinion-on-its-conformity-with-the-eu-treaties", "title": "EU-Mercosur: MEPs demand a legal opinion on its conformity with the EU treaties (Europäisches Parlament)", "publisher": "Europäische Union" }, { "url": "https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/article/1-may-2026-provisional-application-eu-mercosur-interim-trade-agreement", "title": "On 1 May 2026, the provisional application of the EU-Mercosur Interim Trade Agreement", "publisher": "Außenministerium der Republik Lettland" }, { "url": "https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/news/provisional-application-eu-mercosur-interim-trade-agreement-begins-1-may-2026-2026-04-24_en", "title": "Provisional Application of the EU-Mercosur Interim Trade Agreement Begins 1 May 2026 (Europäische Kommission, Taxation and Customs Union)", "publisher": "Europäische Union" }, { "url": "https://curia.europa.eu/site/upload/docs/application/pdf/2026-09/cp260135en.pdf", "title": "Order of the Vice-President in Case C-460/26 R (Gerichtshof der EU, Pressemitteilung Nr. 135/26)", "publisher": "Europäische Union" } ] }, { "id": "freihandel-ukraine-tuerkei-2026", "title": "Freihandelsabkommen Ukraine–Türkei gilt seit Oktober 2026", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-ukraine-free-trade-agreement-takes-effect-227621", "title": "Türkiye, Ukraine free trade agreement takes effect (nach Pressemitteilung Handelsministerium der Türkei)", "publisher": "Hürriyet Daily News" }, { "url": "https://gmk.center/en/news/the-free-trade-agreement-between-ukraine-and-turkey-has-come-into-force/", "title": "The free trade agreement between Ukraine and Turkey has come into force (nach Pressemitteilung Staatlicher Zolldienst der Ukraine)", "publisher": "GMK Center" }, { "url": "https://ukragroconsult.com/en/news/ukraine-turkey-free-trade-deal-takes-effect/", "title": "Ukraine-Turkey free trade deal takes effect (Ukrinform) (nach Pressemitteilung Staatlicher Zolldienst der Ukraine)", "publisher": "UkrAgroConsult (Ukrinform)" }, { "url": "https://biz.liga.net/en/economic-policy/news/ukraines-parliament-ratifies-free-trade-agreement-with-turkey-signed-more-than-four-years-ago", "title": "Ukraine's parliament ratifies free trade agreement with Turkey signed more than four years ago", "publisher": "LIGA.net" }, { "url": "https://babel.ua/en/news/109554-turkey-ratified-the-free-trade-zone-agreement-with-ukraine", "title": "Turkey ratified the free trade zone agreement with Ukraine", "publisher": "Babel.ua" }, { "url": "https://www.bloomberght.com/ukrayna-ile-serbest-ticaret-anlasmasi-imzalanacak-2297988", "title": "Ukrayna ile serbest ticaret anlaşması imzalanacak", "publisher": "Bloomberg HT" }, { "url": "https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/1184851.html", "title": "Rada ratifies free trade agreement with Turkey", "publisher": "Interfax-Ukraine" }, { "url": "https://bilaterals.org/turkey-ratifies-free-trade-zone?lang=en", "title": "Turkey ratifies free trade zone agreement with Ukraine (Nachdruck aus The Kyiv Independent)", "publisher": "bilaterals.org" } ] }, { "id": "gatt-1947", "title": "23 Staaten unterzeichnen das GATT", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/gatt_e/task_of_signing_e.htm", "title": "GATT 1947 and the grueling task of signing", "publisher": "World Trade Organization" }, { "url": "https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/general-agreement-tariffs-and-trade-signed", "title": "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Is Signed", "publisher": "EBSCO Research Starters" }, { "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/general_agreement_on_tariffs_and_trade_(gatt)", "title": "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)", "publisher": "Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School" } ] }, { "id": "hanse-stralsund-1370", "title": "Der Stralsunder Frieden macht Kaufleute zur Vertragspartei eines Königs", "sources": [ { "url": "https://stadtarchiv.stralsund.de/stralsunder-frieden/geschichte/", "title": "Der Stralsunder Frieden von 1370", "publisher": "Stadtarchiv Stralsund" }, { "url": "https://www.worldhistory.org/Hanseatic_League/", "title": "Hanseatic League", "publisher": "World History Encyclopedia" }, { "url": "https://www.planet-wissen.de/geschichte/mittelalter/hanse/index.html", "title": "Mittelalter: Hanse", "publisher": "Planet Wissen (WDR)" } ] }, { "id": "hoechstpreisedikt-301", "title": "Vier Kaiser setzen Höchstpreise für rund 1400 Waren und Dienstleistungen fest", "sources": [ { "url": "https://aphrodisias-excavations.com/diocletiansprice/", "title": "Diocletian's Price Edict", "publisher": "Aphrodisias Excavations (NYU)" }, { "url": "https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2024/2024.07.21/", "title": "Diocletian's edict of maximum prices at the Civil Basilica in Aphrodisias", "publisher": "Bryn Mawr Classical Review" }, { "url": "https://historia.scribere.at/historia_scribere/en/article/download/2284/1836/2832", "title": "Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices of 301 AD. A fragment found in Aigeira", "publisher": "historia.scribere (Universität Innsbruck)" } ] }, { "id": "kap-gelidonya-wrack-um-1200-v-chr", "title": "Wrack von Kap Gelidonya: Kupfer und Altmetall um 1200 v. Chr.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://nauticalarch.org/projects/cape-gelidonya-late-bronze-age-shipwreck-excavation/", "title": "Cape Gelidonya Late Bronze Age Shipwreck Excavation", "publisher": "Institute of Nautical Archaeology" }, { "url": "https://taed.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/109544,19georgepdf.pdf", "title": "Report of the Underwater Excavation at Cape Gelidonya (George F. Bass)", "publisher": "Kultur- und Tourismusministerium der Republik Türkei" }, { "url": "https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/a-bronze-age-shipwreck/", "title": "A Bronze Age Shipwreck (George F. Bass, Expedition Magazine)", "publisher": "Penn Museum" }, { "url": "https://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/underwater/bronzeage.html", "title": "Underwater Discoveries: Bronze Age Shipwrecks", "publisher": "Archaeology Magazine (Archaeological Institute of America)" }, { "url": "https://neaf.sydney.edu.au/our-projects/the-cape-gelidonya-shipwreck-project/", "title": "The Cape Gelidonya Shipwreck Project", "publisher": "Near East Archaeology Foundation, University of Sydney" } ] }, { "id": "korngesetze-1846", "title": "Großbritannien hebt die Korngesetze auf", "sources": [ { "url": "https://branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=ayse-celikkol-on-the-repeal-of-the-corn-laws", "title": "On the Repeal of the Corn Laws, 1846", "publisher": "BRANCH Collective" }, { "url": "https://www.discoursemagazine.com/p/repealing-the-corn-laws-175-years-later", "title": "Repealing the Corn Laws, 175 Years Later", "publisher": "Discourse Magazine" }, { "url": "https://www.victorianweb.org/history/cornlaws2.html", "title": "The Campaign for the Repeal of the Corn Laws", "publisher": "The Victorian Web" }, { "url": "https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/british-parliament-repeals-corn-laws/", "title": "British Parliament Repeals the Corn Laws", "publisher": "EBSCO Research Starters" }, { "url": "https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1846/jun/25/minutes", "title": "Minutes, HL Deb 25 June 1846 vol 87 c937", "publisher": "UK Parliament, Historic Hansard" } ] }, { "id": "lex-portorii-asiae-62", "title": "Das Zollgesetz der Provinz Asia erhält seine jüngste überlieferte Fassung", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ostia-antica.org/dict/topics/portorium/presentation/asia.htm", "title": "The district of the Quadragesima Portuum Asiae et Bithyniae", "publisher": "Ostia-Antica.org" }, { "url": "https://www.attalus.org/docs/seg/s39_1180.html", "title": "SEG 39.1180: Customs laws at Ephesus (englische Übersetzung)", "publisher": "Attalus.org" }, { "url": "http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/filePage.aspx?lemmaId=10077", "title": "Roman Customs in Asia Minor", "publisher": "Foundation of the Hellenic World, Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor" }, { "url": "https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010.05.15/", "title": "The Customs Law of Asia (Cottier u. a., Oxford 2008), Rezension", "publisher": "Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2010.05.15" } ] }, { "id": "navigation-act-1651", "title": "Englands Navigationsakte bindet den Seehandel an eigene Schiffe", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp559-562", "title": "October 1651: An Act for increase of Shipping, and Encouragement of the Navigation of this Nation.", "publisher": "British History Online (Institute of Historical Research)" }, { "url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Navigation_Act_1651", "title": "Navigation Act 1651", "publisher": "Wikisource" }, { "url": "https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/british-navigation-acts", "title": "British Navigation Acts", "publisher": "EBSCO Research Starters" }, { "url": "https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/salutary-neglect/", "title": "Salutary Neglect", "publisher": "Encyclopedia Virginia (Virginia Humanities)" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_Acts", "title": "Navigation Acts", "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ] }, { "id": "palmyra-zolltarif-137", "title": "Der Rat von Palmyra schreibt seine Abgaben in Stein", "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_Tariff", "title": "Palmyra Tariff", "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "url": "https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/the-palmyrene-tax-tariff-2/", "title": "The Palmyrene Tax Tariff (John Healey, in: The Oxford Handbook of Palmyra, 2024)", "publisher": "University of Manchester, Research Explorer" }, { "url": "https://www.ostia-antica.org/dict/topics/portorium/images/palmyrene-tariff.pdf", "title": "The Tax Law of Palmyra: Evidence for Economic History in a City of the Roman East (John Matthews, Journal of Roman Studies 74, 1984)", "publisher": "Ostia-Antica.org (Kopie)" }, { "url": "https://www.livius.org/articles/place/palmyra/palmyra-2/", "title": "Palmyra (2)", "publisher": "Livius.org" } ] }, { "id": "periplus-maris-erythraei-50", "title": "Der Periplus Maris Erythraei beschreibt im 1. 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Pal. graec. 398", "publisher": "Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg" }, { "url": "https://press.princeton.edu/books/ebook/9781400843206/the-periplus-maris-erythraei", "title": "The Periplus Maris Erythraei (Lionel Casson)", "publisher": "Princeton University Press" }, { "url": "https://periplus.arch.uoa.gr/texts/peripl_erythr/intro_en.html", "title": "Introduction (Periplus Maris Erythraei)", "publisher": "National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Projekt Periplus" }, { "url": "https://archive.org/stream/periplusoferythr00scho/periplusoferythr00scho_djvu.txt", "title": "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (W. H. Schoff, 1912), Volltext", "publisher": "Internet Archive" }, { "url": "https://pinakes.irht.cnrs.fr/notices/cote/32479/", "title": "Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Pal. gr. 398", "publisher": "Pinakes (IRHT-CNRS)" }, { "url": "https://ancientarabia.huma-num.fr/dictionary/definition/periplus-of-the-erythraean-sea", "title": "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea", "publisher": "Thematic Dictionary of Ancient Arabia (huma-num)" } ] }, { "id": "rcep-inkrafttreten-2022", "title": "RCEP tritt zunächst für zehn von fünfzehn Unterzeichnerstaaten in Kraft", "sources": [ { "url": "https://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/202111/04/content_WS61836e1ec6d0df57f98e4832.html", "title": "RCEP to take effect on Jan 1, 2022", "publisher": "The State Council of the People's Republic of China" }, { "url": "https://seads.adb.org/news/rcep-agreement-enter-force-1-january-2022", "title": "RCEP Agreement to Enter into Force on 1 January 2022", "publisher": "SEADS (Asian Development Bank)" }, { "url": "https://www.iisd.org/articles/rcep-ratification-trade-deal", "title": "RCEP Ratification Will See World's Biggest Trade Deal Become Reality in January", "publisher": "International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)" }, { "url": "https://en.qstheory.cn/2022-01/07/c_696814.htm", "title": "RCEP officially enters into force on first day of 2022", "publisher": "Qiushi Journal (English Edition)" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership", "title": "Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership", "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "url": "https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/free-trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements-in-force/regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership-rcep/next-steps-and-timeline", "title": "Timeline and history of the RCEP negotiations", "publisher": "New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade" } ] }, { "id": "section-301-zoelle-zwangsarbeit-2026", "title": "Section-301-Zölle auf 60 Länder lösen US-Zoll nach Section 122 ab", "sources": [ { "url": "https://ustr.gov/about/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2026/july/ustr-takes-action-forced-labor-section-301-investigations", "title": "USTR Takes Action in Forced Labor Section 301 Investigations", "publisher": "Office of the United States Trade Representative" }, { "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/24/trump-global-tariffs-trade-imbalance-forced-labor.html", "title": "Trump's new global tariff draws rebukes from trade partners over forced labor justification", "publisher": "CNBC" }, { "url": "https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2026/07/and-the-tariff-beat-goes-on", "title": "And the (Tariff) Beat Goes On: New Section 301 Forced-Labor Tariffs Imposed on 60 Countries", "publisher": "Holland & Knight" }, { "url": "https://eualive.net/trump-administration-hits-eu-and-59-other-partners-with-forced-labour-tariffs/", "title": "Trump administration hits EU and 59 other partners with forced-labour tariffs (mit Reuters)", "publisher": "EUalive (mit Reuters)" }, { "url": "https://www.ilfoglio.it/en/economy/2026/07/25/news/trump-and-tariffs-chapter-three-this-time-the-excuse-is-forced-labour--403234", "title": "Trump and tariffs, chapter three. 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